Wys bron van Gustav Fechner

{{Inligtingskas Wetenskaplike
|naam                      =Gustav Fechner
|beeld                     =Gustav Fechner.jpg
|beeldonderskrif           =
|geboortenaam              =Gustav Theodor Fechner
|geboortedatum             = {{geboortedatum|1801|4|19|}}
|geboorteplek              = [[Żarki Wielkie|Groß Särchen]] (naby [[Bad Muskau|Muskau]]), [[Sakse]], [[Heilige Romeinse Ryk]]
|sterfdatum                = {{sterfdatum en ouderdom|1887|11|18|1801|4|19|}}
|sterfplek                 = [[Leipzig]], [[Sakse]], [[Duitse Ryk]]
|nasionaliteit             = [[Duitsland]]
}}

'''Gustav Theodor Fechner''' ([[Duits]]e fonetiese uitspraak:ˈfɛçnɐ; [[19 April]] [[1801]] – [[18 November]] [[1887]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-Fechner|title=Gustav Fechner - German psychologist and physicist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=18 Januarie 2019}}</ref> was 'n Duitse eksperimentele sielkundige, filosoof en fisikus. Hy was 'n vroeë baanbreker in die veld van eksperimentele sielkunde en die stigter van "psigofisika". Hy het verskeie 20ste eeuse wetenskaplikes en filosowe beïnvloed. Hy word ook daarmee gekrediteer dat hy die nie-lineêre verhouding tussen sielkundige aanvoeling en die fisiese intensiteit van 'n gegewe stimuli via die formule: <math>S = K \ln I</math> gedemonstreer het, welke weldra bekend sou staan as die Weber–Fechner-wet.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fancher |first=R. E. |year=1996 |title=Pioneers of Psychology |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-96994-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|pmid = 15171801
|last=Sheynin
|first=Oscar
|publication-date=Mei 2004
|year=2004
|title=Fechner as a statistician.
|volume=57
|issue=Pt 1
|periodical=British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology
|pages=53–72
|doi = 10.1348/000711004849196
}}</ref>

== Vroeë lewe en wetenskaplike loopbaan ==
Fechner is gebore te [[Żarki Wielkie|Groß Särchen]], naby [[Muskau]], in die [[Markgraafskap Neder-Lausitz]] waar sy vader 'n predikant was. Ten spyte daarvan dat hy deur sy religieuse vader grootgemaak is, het Fechner in sy latere lewe 'n ateïs geword. <ref>{{cite book|title=Nature from within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his Psychophysical Worldview|year=2004|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=9780822970774|page=21|author=Michael Heidelberger|chapter=1: Life and Work|quote=The study of medicine also contributed to a loss of religious faith and to becoming atheist.}}</ref> Hy word aanvanklik onderrig in [[Sorau]] (nou [[Żary]] in die weste van [[Pole]]).

In 1817 het hy geneeskunde studeer aan die ''Medizinische Akademie Carl Gustav Carus'' in [[Dresden]], en vanaf 1818 aan die Universiteit van Leipzig, waar hy die res van sy lewe sou spandeer.<ref>[http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?id=per68 Fechner, Gustav Theodor at vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de].</ref> Hy het in 1835 sy PhD aan dié instelling verwerf.

In 1834 word hy aangestel as professor in [[fisika]] in Leipzig. In 1839 het hy egter 'n oogkwaal opgedoen terwyl hy die verskynsels van kleur en visuele persepsie bestudeer het. Hy het later as gevolg van die ondraaglike pyn wat dit teweeggebring het bedank. Hy het hom na sy herstel toegespits op die studie van die [[Gees (mens)|gees]] en die verhouding daarvan met die liggaam, en openbare lesings gelewer oor die onderwerpe wat in sy boeke behandel is. Terwyl hy in die bed gelê het, het hy 'n insig gehad in die verband tussen geestelike sensasies en materiële sensasies. Hierdie insig was belangrik in die ontwikkeling van sielkunde, aangesien daar nou 'n kwantitatiewe verband tussen die geestelike en fisiese wêreld was.<ref>Schultz, P.D., & Schultz, S.E. (2008). ''A History of Modern Psychology.''(pp. 81-82).Thompson Wadsworth.</ref>

== Werke ==

* ''Praemissae ad theoriam organismi generalem'' (1823).
* (Dr. Mises) ''Stapelia mixta'' (1824). [https://archive.org/details/stapeliamixta00fechgoog Internet Archive (Harvard)]
* ''Resultate der bis jetzt unternommenen Pflanzenanalysen'' (1829). [https://archive.org/details/resultatederbis00fechgoog Internet Archive (Stanford)]
* ''Maassbestimmungen über die galvanische Kette'' (1831).
* (Dr. Mises) ''Schutzmittel für die Cholera'' (1832). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YBkQAAAAYAAJ Google (Harvard)] — [https://archive.org/details/schutzmittelfrd00fechgoog Google (UWisc)]
* ''Repertorium der Experimentalphysik'' (1832). 3 volumes.
**<small>Volume 1</small>. [https://archive.org/details/repertoriumdere01fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)] — [https://archive.org/details/repertoriumdere04fechgoog Internet Archive (Oxford)]
**<small>Volume 2</small>. [https://archive.org/details/repertoriumdere02fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)] — [https://archive.org/details/repertoriumdere03fechgoog Internet Archive (Oxford)]
**<small>Volume 3</small>. [https://archive.org/details/repertoriumdere05fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)] — [https://archive.org/details/repertoriumdere00fechgoog Internet Archive (Oxford)]
* (ed.) ''Das Hauslexicon. Vollständiges Handbuch praktischer Lebenskenntnisse für alle Stände'' (1834–38). 8 volumes.
* ''Das Büchlein vom Leben nach dem Tode'' (1836). <small>6de uitg.</small>, 1906. [https://archive.org/details/dasbchleinvomle01fechgoog Internet Archive (Harvard)] — [https://archive.org/details/dasbchleinvomle00fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)]
** {{en}} ''On Life After Death'' (1882). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GjcCAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford)] — [https://archive.org/details/onlifeafterdeath00fechuoft IA (UToronto)] <small>2de uitg.</small>, 1906. [https://archive.org/details/onlifeafterdeat02fechgoog Internet Archive (UMich)] <small>3de uitg.</small>, 1914. [https://archive.org/details/onlifeafterdeath00fech IA (UIllinois)]
** {{en}} ''The Little Book of Life After Death'' (1904). [https://archive.org/details/littlebookoflife00fechuoft IA (UToronto)] 1905, [https://archive.org/details/littlebooklifea00wadsgoog Internet Archive (UCal)] — [https://archive.org/details/littlebookoflife00fechrich IA (Ucal)] — [https://archive.org/details/thelittlebookof00fechuoft IA (UToronto)]
* (Dr. Mises) ''Gedichte'' (1841). [https://archive.org/details/gedichte00fechgoog Internet Archive (Oxford)]
* ''Ueber das höchste Gut'' (1846). [https://archive.org/details/ueberdashchsteg00fechgoog Internet Archive (Stanford)]
* (Dr. Mises) ''Nanna oder über das Seelenleben der Pflanzen'' (1848). <small>2de uitg.</small>, 1899. <small>3de uitg.</small>, 1903. [https://archive.org/details/nanna00fechgoog Internet Archive (UMich)] <small>4de uitg.</small>, 1908. [https://archive.org/details/nannaoderberdas00lassgoog Internet Archive (Harvard)]
* ''Zend-Avesta oder über die Dinge des Himmels und des Jenseits'' (1851). 3 volumes. <small>3de uitg.</small>, 1906. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-xkRAAAAYAAJ Google (Harvard)]
* ''Ueber die physikalische und philosophische Atomenlehre'' (1855). <small>2de uitg.</small>, 1864. [https://archive.org/details/ueberdiephysika00fechgoog Internet Archive (Stanford)]
* ''Professor Schleiden und der Mond'' (1856). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yus8IQn2i_UC Google (UMich)]
* ''Elemente der Psychophysik'' (1860). 2 volumes. <small>Volume 1</small>. [https://books.google.com/books?id=C1cOAAAAQAAJ Google (ULausanne)] <small>Volume 2</small>. [https://archive.org/details/elementederpsyc01fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)]
* ''Ueber die Seelenfrage'' (1861). [https://archive.org/details/ueberdieseelenf03fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)] — [https://archive.org/details/ueberdieseelenf02fechgoog Internet Archive (UCal)] — [https://archive.org/details/ueberdieseelenf00fechgoog Internet Archive (UMich)] <small>2de uitg.</small>, 1907. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi0RAAAAYAAJ Google (Harvard)]
* ''Die drei Motive und Gründe des Glaubens'' (1863). [https://books.google.com/books?id=akEOAAAAYAAJ Google (Harvard)] — [https://archive.org/details/diedreimotiveun00fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)]
* ''Einige Ideen zur Schöpfungs- und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Organismen'' (1873). [https://archive.org/details/einigeideenzurs00fechgoog Internet Archive (UMich)]
* (Dr. Mises) ''Kleine Schriften'' (1875). [https://archive.org/details/kleineschriften00fechgoog Internet Archive (UMich)]
* ''Erinnerungen an die letzen Tage der Odlehre und ihres Urhebers'' (1876). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sjsOAAAAYAAJ Google (Harvard)]
* ''Vorschule der Aesthetik'' (1876). 2 Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/vorschulederaes01fechgoog Internet Archive (Harvard)]
* ''In Sachen der Psychophysik'' (1877). [https://archive.org/details/insachenderpsyc00fechgoog Internet Archive (Stanford)]
* ''Die Tagesansicht gegenüber der Nachtansicht'' (1879). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AoINAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford)] <small>2de uitg.</small>, 1904. [https://archive.org/details/dietagesansicht01fechgoog Internet Archive (Stanford)]
* ''Revision der Hauptpuncte der Psychophysik'' (1882). [https://archive.org/details/revisionderhaup01fechgoog Internet Archive (Harvard)]
*''Kollektivmasslehre'' (1897). [https://archive.org/details/kollektivmassle00fechgoog Internet Archive (NYPL)]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Verdere leeswerk ==

* Heidelberger, M. (2001), "Gustav Theodor Fechner" in ''Statisticians of the Centuries'' (red. C. C. Heyde en E. Seneta) pp. 142–147. New York: Springer Verlag, 2001.
* Heidelberger, M. (2004), ''Nature From Within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his Psychophysical Worldview'' (vertaler, Cynthia Klohr),  Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-822-9421-00}}
* Robinson, David K. (2010), "Gustav Fechner: 150 years of Elemente der Psychophysik", in ''History of Psychology'', Vol 13(4), Nov 2010, pp. 409–410. [http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2010-24691-003]
* Stigler, Stephen M. (1986), ''The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 242–254.

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{Commons|Gustav Theodor Fechner}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Fechner,+Gustav+Theodor | name=Gustav Theodor Fechner}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Gustav Theodor Fechner}}
* [http://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/william-james-on-fechner William James oor Fechner]
* Works of [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211115441/http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/index.php?id=19&autorid=161&autor_vorname=+Gustav+Theodor&autor_nachname=Fechner&cHash=b31bbae2c6 Gustav Theodor Fechner] by Projekt Gutenberg-DE. (Duits)
* Uittreksel uit [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Fechner/ ''Elements of Psychophysics''] van die "Classics in the History of Psychology" webwerf.
* Robert H. Wozniak se [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Fechner/wozniak.htm Inleiding tot ''Elemente der Psychophysik''.]
* [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?id=per68 Biografie, bibliografie en ge-digitaliseerde bronne] in die Virtuele Laboratorium van die Max Planck Instituut vir die Geskiedenis van Wetenskap
* Granville Stanley 1912 [https://archive.org/stream/foundersofmodern00halluoft#page/124/mode/2up 'Founders of modern psychology''] p. 125ff archive.org
* Gustav Theodor Fechner 1904 [https://archive.org/details/littlebookoflife00fechuoft ''The Little Book of Life after Death''] Voorwoord deur William James
* Gustav Theodor Fechner 1908 [https://archive.org/details/livingword00worcrich ''The Living Word'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053646/http://statprob.com/encyclopedia/gustavtheodorfechner.html Gustav Theodor Fechner] by statprob.com

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[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1801]]
[[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1887]]
[[Kategorie:Duitse sielkundiges]]